Reader in Planetary Science and Astrobiology
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences
Birkbeck College
University of London
Malet St
London WC1E 7HX
Tel 020 7679 3431
Fax 020 7679 2867
email: i.crawford@ucl.ac.uk
Personal homepage: http://www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/~ucfbiac/
Advanced Topics in Planetary Science
Fellow, and currently Geophysical Secretary, of the Royal Astronomical Society
Member, European Space Sciences Committee (ESSC) of the European Science Foundation
Member of the International Astronomical Union
The main focus of my research activities lies in the area of lunar exploration, including the remote sensing of the lunar surface and the laboratory analysis of lunar meteorites. I am a co-investigator on the D-CIXS instrument (Demonstration of a Compact Imaging X-Ray Spectrometer), which orbited the Moon on ESA's SMART1 spacecraft between 2004 and 2006, and I Chair the Science Team for the Chandrayaan-1 X-Ray spectrometer (C1XS), that will fly to the Moon on India's Chandrayaan-1 mission in 2008. These instruments will provide compositional information about the lunar surface, and in particular the abundances of magnesium, aluminium, and silicon, which will be used to constrain models of lunar evolution. I am also involved in the proposed UK-led MoonLITE mission, which aims to emplace geophysical instruments on the lunar surface and for which I have helped define the scientific objectives. In addition to my lunar interests, I have long-standing interests in astrobiology -- the study of the astronomical and planetary context of the origin and evolution of life, and what this tells us about the likely prevalence of life elsewhere in the universe.
I came to planetary science from a career in astronomy, where I conducted studies of the interstellar medium (i.e. the gas and dust between the stars from which new stars and planets ultimately form), and also circumstellar disks of the kind thought to be planetary systems in an early stage of formation.
I have long had an interest in the future of space exploration. I am convinced that space exploration and development will prove to be of central importance for the future of humanity. In 2007 I was a member of the UK Space Exploration Working Group, which recommended increased UK involvement in global space exploration. In addition to its obvious scientific importance, I think an ambitious human space programme will offer significant social and cultural advantages, and these arguments are developed in some detail in the 'space policy' publications listed below (and on the Case for Space web page that I maintain).
I am highly committed to the public understanding of science, and give a large number of public talks on astronomy, planetary science, astrobiology and space exploration. I regard inspiring school children with the wonders of the universe as particularly important, both as an integral part of science education and because I think important social and political consequences follow from it. For this reason I am a member of the The Association for Astronomy Education, under the auspices of which I have compiled a list of professional astronomers who are prepared to give school talks. I have outlined the rationale behind this initiative in ``Wanderers in space: the case for peripatetic astronomy teachers,'' Astronomy Now, 5(10), 54, (1991). I was President of the Society for Popular Astronomy for 2006-8.
(78) Fagents, S.A., Rumpf, M.E., Crawford, I.A. and Joy, K.H., "Preservation Potential of Implanted Solar Wind Volatiles in Lunar Palaeoregolith Deposits Buried by Lava Flows," Icarus, (in press).
(77) Rothery, D.A., et al., (25 authors, including Crawford, I.A.), "Mercury's surface and composition to be studied by Bepi Colombo", Planet. Space Sci., 58, 21-39, (2010).
(76) Swinyard, B.M., Joy, K.H., Kellett, B.J., Crawford, I.A., et al. (13 authors in total), "X-ray Fluorescence Observations of the Moon by SMART-1/D-CIXS and the First Detection of Ti K-alpha from the Lunar Surface," Planet. Space Sci., 57, 744-750, (2009).
(75) Crawford, I.A., Joy, K.H., Kellett, B.J., et al. (26 authors in total), "The Scientific Rationale for the C1XS X-Ray Spectrometer on India's Chandrayaan-1 Mission to the Moon," Planet. Space Sci., 57, 725-734, (2009).
(74) Grande, M., et al. (30 authors in total, including Crawford, I.A. and Joy, K.H.), ''The C1XS X-Ray spectrometer on Chandrayaan-1,'' Planet. Space Sci., 57, 717-724, (2009).
(73) Worms, J.-C., et al. (30 authors in total, including Crawford, I.A.), "ESSC-ESF Position Paper - A Science-Driven Scenario for Space Exploration: Report from the European Space Sciences Committee," Astrobiology, 9, 23-41, (2009).
(72) Cousins, C.R., Smellie, J.E., Jones, A.P., and Crawford, I.A., "A Comparative Study of Endolithic Microborings in Basaltic Lavas from a Transitional Subglacial Marine Environment," Internat. J. Astrobiology, 8, 37-49, (2009).
(71) Smith, A., Crawford, I.A., et al. (39 authors in total), "LunarEX: A Proposal to Cosmic Vision," Experimental Astronomy, 23, 711-740, (2009).
(70) Crawford, I.A., Baldwin, E.C., Taylor, E.A., Bailey, J. and Tsembelis, K., "On the survivability and detectability of terrestrial meteorites on the Moon," Astrobiology, 8, 242-252, (2008).
(69) Gao, Y., Phipps, A., Taylor, M., Crawford, I.A., Ball, A.J., Wilson, L., Parker, D., Sweeting, M., da Silva Curie, A., Davies, P., Baker, A., Pike, W.T., Smith, A., and Gowen, R., "Lunar Science with Affordable Small Spacecraft Technologies: MoonLITE and Moonraker," Planet. Space Sci., 56, 368-377, (2008).
(68) Bowden, S.A., Court, R.W., Milner, D., Baldwin, E., Lindgren, P., Crawford, I.A., Parnell, J., and Burchell, M.J., "The thermal alteration by pyrolysis of the organic component of small projectiles of mudrock during capture at hypervelocity," J. Analytical Applied Pyrolysis, 82, 312-314, (2008).(67) Joy, K.H., Crawford, I.A., Anand, M., Greenwood, R.C., Franchi, I.A., and Russell, S.S., "The Petrology and Geochemistry of Miller Range 05035: A New Lunar Gabbroic Meteorite," Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72, 3822-3844, (2008).
(66) Patat, F., et al. (22 authors, including Crawford, I.A.), ''Detection of Circumstellar Material in a Normal Type Ia Supernova,'' Science, 317, 924-926, (2007).
(65) Grande, M., et al. (31 authors, including Joy, K.H. and Crawford, I.A.), ''The D-CIXS X-Ray spectrometer on the SMART-1 mission to the Moon - First results,'' Planet. Space Sci., 55, 494-502, (2007).
(64) Roberts, G.P., Crawford, I.A., Peacock, D., Vetterlein, J., Parfitt, E., and Bishop., L., ''Possible evidence for on-going volcanism on Mars as suggested by thin, elliptical sheets of low-albedo particulate material around pits and fissures close to Cerberus Fossae,'' Earth, Moon and Planets, 101, 1-16, (2007).
(63) Baldwin, E.C., Milner, D.J., Burchell, M.J., and Crawford, I.A., "Laboratory impacts into dry and wet sandstone with and without an overlying water layer: implications for scaling laws and projectile survivability," Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 42, 1905-1914, (2007).
(62) Crawford, I.A., ``The astrobiological case for renewed robotic and human exploration of the Moon'', Internat. J. Astrobiology, 5, 191-197, (2006).
(61) Joy, K.H., Crawford, I.A., Downes, H., Russell, S.S., Kearsley, A.T., ``A Petrological, Mineralogical and Chemical Analysis of the Lunar Mare Basalt Meteorites LaPaz Icefield 02205, 02224 and 02226,'' Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 41, 1003-1025, (2006).
(60) Crawford, I.A., ``Towards an Integrated Scientific and Social Case for Human Space Exploration,'' Earth, Moon and Planets, 94(3-4), 245-266, (2005).
(59) Bell, T.A., Viti, S., Williams, D.A., Crawford, I.A., and Price, R.J., ``The chemistry of transient microstructures in the diffuse interstellar medium,'' Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 357, 961-966, (2005).
(58) Crawford, I.A., ``The scientific case for renewed human activities on the Moon'', Space Policy, 20, 91-97, (2004).
(57) Crawford, I.A., ``Variable interstellar absorption lines: a brief review," Astrophysics and Space Science, 285, 661-675, (2003).
(56) Crawford, I.A., ``Detection of CaI and CH absorption at the velocity of the variable interstellar component towards kappa Velorum,'' Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 334, L33-L37, (2002).
(55) Andersson, B.-G., Wannier, P.G. and Crawford, I.A., ``Ultra-high-resolution observations of CH in southern molecular cloud envelopes,'' Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 334, 327-337, (2002).
(54) Howarth, I.D., Price, R.J., Crawford, I.A., and Hawkins, H., ``A VAPID analysis of interstellar lithium in the zeta Oph sightline,'' Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 335, 267-274, (2002).
(53) Crawford, I.A., Lallement, R., Price, R.J., Sfeir, D.M., Wakker, B.P., and Welsh, B.Y., ``High-resolution observations of interstellar Na I and Ca II towards the southern opening of the `Local Interstellar Chimney': probing the disk-halo connection,'' Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 337, 720-730, (2002).
(52) Crawford, I.A., ``The Scientific Case for Human Space Exploration,'' Space Policy, 17, 155-159, (2001).
(51) Crawford, I.A., ``The Scientific Case for a Human Spaceflight Infrastructure,'' Earth, Moon and Planets, 87(3), 221-231, (2001).
(50) Price, R.J., Crawford, I.A. and Howarth, I.D., ``Delta Orionis: further temporal variability and evidence for small-scale structure in the interstellar medium,'' Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 321, 553-558, (2001).
(49) Crawford, I.A., ``An ultra-high-resolution study of the interstellar medium in the direction of alpha Ophiuchi," Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 327, 841-848, (2001).
(48) Price, R.J., Crawford, I.A., Barlow, M.J., and Howarth, I.D., ``An ultra-high-resolution study of the interstellar medium towards Orion," Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 328, 555-582, (2001).
(47) Crawford, I.A., ``Ultra-high-resolution observations of interstellar NaI and KI towards the Scorpius OB1 association," Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 328, 1115-1124, (2001).
(46) Crawford, I.A. and Barlow, M.J., ``Ultra-high-resolution observations of circumstellar KI and C2 around the post-AGB star HD 56126,'' Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 311, 370-376, (2000).
(45) Price, R.J., Crawford, I.A. and Barlow, M.J., ``Detection of a variable interstellar absorption component towards delta Orionis A,'' Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 312, L43-L48, (2000).
(44) Crawford, I.A., ``A study of interstellar NaI D absorption lines towards the Lupus molecular clouds," Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 317, 996-1004, (2000).
(43) Crawford, I.A., Howarth, I.D., Ryder, S.D., and Stathakis, R.A., ``Kappa Velorum: another variable interstellar sightline?," Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 319, L1-L6, (2000).
(42) Dunkin, S.K. and Crawford, I.A., ``The optical interstellar spectrum of kappa Vel (HD 81188) and a measurement of interstellar cloud turbulence,'' Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 302, 197-202, (1999).
(41) Dunkin, S.K. and Crawford, I.A., ``Spatially resolved optical spectroscopy of the Herbig Ae/Vega-like binary star HD 35187,'' Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 298, 275-284, (1998).
(40) Sahu, M.S., Blades, J.C., He, L., Hartmann, D.A.P., Barlow, M.J., and Crawford, I.A., ``Atomic and molecular interstellar absorption lines toward the high galactic latitude stars HD 141569 and HD 157841,'' Astrophys. J., 504, 522-532, (1998)
(39) Welsh, B.Y., Craig, N., Crawford, I.A., and Price, R.J., ``Beta Pic-like circumstellar disk gas surrounding HR 10 and HD 85905,'' Astron. Astrophys., 338, 674-682, (1998).
(38) Beust, H., Lagrange, A.-M., Crawford, I.A., Goudard, C., Spyromilio, J., and Vidal-Madjar, A., ``The beta Pictoris disk XXV: The Ca II absorption lines and the falling evaporating bodies model revisited using UHRF observations,'' Astron. Astrophys., 338, 1015-1030, (1998).
(37) Crawford, I.A., Lallement, R., Welsh, B.Y., ``Additional ultra-high-resolution observations of Ca+ ions in the local interstellar medium,'' Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 300, 1181-1188, (1998).
(36) Crawford, I.A., Beust, H., and Lagrange, A.M., ``Detection of a strong transient blue-shifted absorption component in the beta Pictoris disk,'' Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 294, L31-L34, (1998).
(35) Crawford, I.A., Craig, N. and Welsh, B.Y., ``The velocity structure of the local interstellar medium probed by ultra-high-resolution spectroscopy,'' Astron. Astrophys., 317, 889-897, (1997).
(34) Blades, J.C., Sahu, M.S., He, L., Crawford, I.A., Barlow, M.J., and Diego, F., ``Ultra-high-resolution observations of interstellar Na I and Ca II toward the high-galactic latitude star HD 28497,'' Astrophys. J., 478, 648-657, (1997).
(33) Crawford, I.A., ``Ultra-high-resolution observations of interstellar C2, CH and CN towards zeta Ophiuchi and HD 169454,'' Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 290, 41-48, (1997).
(32) Oudmaijer, R.D., Drew, J.E., Barlow, M.J., Crawford, I.A., and Proga, D., ``Helium absorption and emission towards theta-1 Ori C,'' Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 291, 110-120, (1997).
(31) Crawford, I.A. and Williams, D.A., ``Detection of interstellar NH towards zeta Ophiuchi by means of ultra-high-resolution spectroscopy,'' Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 291, L53-56, (1997).
(30) Crawford, I.A. and Barlow, M.J., ``Ultra-high-resolution measurements of the intrinsic line profiles of interstellar C2 towards zeta Ophiuchi and HD 169454,'' Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 280, 863-867, (1996).
(29) Crawford, I.A., ``Space Development: Social and Political Implications,'' Space Policy, 11, 219-225, (1995).
(28) Crawford, I.A., ``Some thoughts on the implications of faster-than-light interstellar space travel,'', Q. J. R. Astr. Soc., 36, 205-218, (1995).
(27) Diego, F., Fish, A.C., Barlow, M.J., Crawford, I.A., Spyromilio, J., Dryburgh, M., Brooks, D., Howarth, I.D., and Walker, D.D., ``The Ultra-High-Resolution Facility at the Anglo-Australian Telescope,'' Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 272, 323-332, (1995).
(26) Barlow, M.J., Crawford, I.A., Diego, F., Dryburgh, M., Fish, A.C., Howarth, I.D., Spyromilio, J., and Walker, D.D., ``First results from the UHRF: ultra-high-resolution observations of atomic interstellar lines towards zeta Ophiuchi,'' Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 272, 333-345, (1995).
(25) Crawford, I.A. and Dunkin, S.K., ``Ultra-high-resolution observations of Ca+ ions in the local interstellar medium,'' Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 273, 219-224, (1995).
(24) Crawford, I.A., ``Ultra-high-resolution observations of the intrinsic line profiles of interstellar CH, CH+ and CN,'' Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 277, 458-470, (1995).
(23) Crawford, I.A., Spyromilio, J., Barlow, M.J., Diego, F. and Lagrange, A.M., ``Ultra-high-resolution observations of Ca K line variations in the beta Pictoris disc,'' Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 266, L65-L68, (1994).
(22) Crawford, I.A., Barlow, M.J., Diego, F., Spyromilio, J., ``First results from the UHRF: ultra-high-resolution observations of interstellar CH, CH+ and CN towards zeta Ophiuchi,'' Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 266, 903-909, (1994).
(21) Crawford, I.A., ``An ultra-high-resolution search for interstellar Ca+ towards Alpha Centauri A,'' Observatory, 114, 288-293, (1994).
(20) Somerville, W.B. and Crawford, I.A., ``Observations of molecules in diffuse interstellar clouds,'' J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 89, 2261-2268, (1993).
(19) Crawford, I.A., ``Observations of interstellar Na I and Ca II towards five southern stars and some comments on the location of the denser diffuse clouds in the southern Milky Way,'' Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 254, 264-272, (1992).
(18) Crawford, I.A., ``The interstellar spectrum of HD 175156,'' Observatory, 112, 161-167, (1992).
(17) Crawford, I.A., ``High-resolution observations of the interstellar NaI UV doublet and a discussion of the resulting NaI/CaII ratios,'' Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 259, 47-62, (1992).
(16) Crawford, I.A., ``Further thoughts on the interstellar spectrum of HD 174632,'' Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 250, 707-711, (1991).
(15) Crawford, I.A., ``Observations of interstellar lines towards HD 110432,'' Astron. Astrophys., 246, 210-212, (1991).
(14) Crawford, I.A., ``High resolution observations of interstellar Na I and Ca II lines towards the Scorpio-Centaurus association,'' Astron. Astrophys., 247, 183-201, (1991).
(13) Crawford, I.A. and Barlow, M.J., ``On the distance to M1-67,'' Astron. Astrophys., 249, 518-520, (1991).
(12) Crawford, I.A. and Barlow, M.J., ``The distance to the WN8 star We 21,'' Astron. Astrophys., 251, L39-L42, (1991).
(11) Crawford, I.A., ``Interstellar Travel: a Review for Astronomers'', Q. J. R. Astr. Soc., 31, 377-400, (1990).
(10) Crawford, I.A., ``The optical interstellar spectrum of HD 26571,'' Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 243, 593-601, (1990).
(9) Crawford, I.A., ``Observations of interstellar CN and C2 towards the Scorpius OB1 association,'' Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 244, 646-651, (1990).
(8) Crawford, I.A., ``The strength of the Ca II K and Na I D lines in the B stars: implications for interstellar studies,'' Observatory, 110, 145-149, (1990).
(7) Crawford, I.A., Barlow, M.J. and Blades, J.C., ``High resolution observations of interstellar Na I and Ca II towards the Scorpius OB1 association,'' Astrophys. J., 336, 212-230, (1989).
(6) Crawford, I.A., ``High resolution observations of interstellar CH and CH+ towards the Scorpius OB1 association,'' Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 241, 575-594, (1989).
(5) Crawford, I.A., ``Observations of interstellar lines towards HD 110432,'' Observatory, 109, pp. 232-235, (1989).
(4) Crawford, I.A., ``High resolution observations of interstellar Na I towards HD 174632,'' Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc., 233, 923-928, (1988).
(3) Crawford, I.A. and McNally, D., ``A search for the diffuse interstellar lines at 5780 and 5797 in the coma of comet Halley and the possible detection of an unidentified cometary absorption line,'' Observatory, 107, 20-24, (1987).
(2) Crawford, I.A., Rees, P.C.T. and Diego, F., ``Measurement of the instrumental response function of the Mount Stromlo coude echelle spectrograph,'' Observatory, 107, 147-153, (1987).
(1) Crawford, I.A., Girdler, R.W. and Renner, R.G.B., `` An aeromagnetic study of the Staccato Peaks area, Alexander Island, Antarctica,'' British Antarctic Survey Bulletin, 70, 41-53, (1986).
(39) Crawford, I.A., ''The Astronomical, Astrobiological and Planetary Science Case for Interstellar Spaceflight,'' J. Brit. Interplanet. Soc., (in press).
(38) Crawford, I.A., "Does the UK need a Space Agency?", Astronomy & Geophysics, 50, 1.7, (2009).
(37) Crawford, I.A., "Making our Presence Felt: The Scientific and Social Case for Human Space Exploration," Public Service Review: Science and Technology, 2, 28-29, (2009).
(36) Crawford, I.A. and Smith, A., ''MoonLITE: A UK-Led Mission to the Moon'', Astronomy and Geophysics, 49, 3.11-3.14, (2008).
(34) Crawford, I.A. and Zarnecki, J., Astronomy from the Moon, Astronomy and Geophysics, 49, 2.17-2.19 (2008).
(33) Crawford, I.A., ''Out of this World,'' Physics Review, 17(3), 26-29, (2008).(32) Crawford, I.A., "Sailing to the Stars," Physics Review, 17(2), 2-5, (2007).
(31) Crawford, I.A., "Flight to the Stars," Physics Review, 16(4), 2-5, (2007).
(30) Crawford, I.A., ''Swords to Spaceships'', first published in the political and cultural magazine Prospect, 131, 14-15, (February 2007).
(29) Crawford, I.A., "UK Participation in Human Space Exploration," Science and Public Affairs, September 2007, 6-7, (2007).
(28) Crawford, I.A., Fagents, S.A. and Joy, K.H., ''Full Moon Exploration'', Astronomy and Geophysics, 48, 3.18-3.21, (2007).
(27) Crawford, I.A. and Anand, M., Exploring the Moon in the 21st Century, Astronomy and Geophysics, 47, 1.33-1.34 (2006).
(26) Ball, A.J. and Crawford, I.A., Which Way to the Moon?, A Report on NASA's Exploration Strategy Workshop, Washington, D.C., April 2006, Astronomy and Geophysics, 47, 4.17-4.19 (2006).
(25) Crawford, I.A., ``Back to the Moon,'' Popular Astronomy, 52(4), 7-9, (October 2005).
(24) Crawford, I.A. and Cockell, C.S., The Scientific Case for Human Space Exploration, Astronomy and Geophysics, 46, 1.17-1.18 (2005).
(23) Crawford, I.A., ``Human exploration of the Moon and Mars: implications for Aurora'', Astronomy & Geophysics, 45(2), 28-29, (2004).
(22) Crawford, I.A., ``To Still Boldly Go,'' Prospect, 84, 18-19, (March, 2003).
(21) Crawford, I.A., "Space, next step is an international Moon base," Nature, 422, 373-4 (2003).
(20) Crawford, I.A., "Back to the Moon?", Astronomy & Geophysics, 44(2), 15-17, (2003).
(19) Crawford, I.A., ``Why Send People into Space?,'' Astronomy Now, 15(4), 65-66, (2001).
(18) Crawford, I.A., ``The Case for Human Spaceflight,'' Science and Public Affairs, June 2001, 4, (2001).
(17) Crawford, I.A. and Dunkin, S.K., The Scientific Case for Human Spaceflight, Astronomy and Geophysics, 42, 3.33-3.34 (2001).
(16) Crawford, I.A., ``Searching for Extraterrestrials: Where are They?'', Scientific American, July 2000, 38-43, (2000).
(15)Crawford, I.A., ``The Scientific Case for Human Spaceflight'', Astronomy and Geophysics, 39(6), 14-17, 1998).
(14) Crawford, I.A., ``How common are technological civilisations in the Galaxy?,'' Astronomy and Geophysics, 38(4), 24-26, (1997).
(13) Crawford, I.A., ``Galactic civilisations: a reply,'' Astronomy and Geophysics, 38(6), 19, (1997).
(12) Crawford, I.A., ``Where are all the extraterrestrials?,'' New Scientist, 2050, 52, (1996).
(11) Crawford, I.A., ``Flight to the Stars,'' Sky and Space, 8(3), 14-18; 8(4), 20-23, (1995).
(10) Crawford, I.A., ``Interstellar Travel: a Review,'' in Extraterrestrials: Where are They?, eds. B. Zuckerman and M. H. Hart, pp. 50-69, (Cambridge University Press, 1995).
(9) Crawford, I.A., ``The starship as an exercise in world government,'' Spaceflight, 35, 188-190; 250-252, (1993).
(8) Crawford, I.A., ``To spread confident wings to space,'' New Scientist, 1904, 46 (18 Dec 1993).
(7) Crawford, I.A., ``Space, World Government, and `The End of History','' J. Brit. Interplanetary Soc., 46, 415-420, (1993).
(6) Crawford, I.A., ``A space programme for Planet Earth,'' Spaceflight, 34, 121-124, (1992).
(5) Crawford, I.A., ``Beyond the nation-state,'' Nature, 358, 448, (1992).
(4) Crawford, I.A., ``Wanderers in space: the case for peripatetic astronomy teachers,'' Astronomy Now, 5(10), 54, (1991).
(3) Crawford, I.A. ``Disarming for the future: turning swords into spaceships,'' New Scientist, 1717, 67-68, (19 May 1990).
(2) Crawford, I.A., ``Benefits of mission to Mars,'' Nature, 346, 504, (1990).
(1) Crawford, I.A., ``On the formation of a global space agency,'' Spaceflight, 23, 316-317, (1981).