Europe Transformed: 1700-1914

This module explores the profound changes that took place in European society in the period 1700–1914. Imperial powers fought each other for trade and territory. Enlightenment philosophers attacked clericalism and superstition. Revolutionary France challenged the absolutism of the European monarchies. Industrialisation transformed ancient communities and ways of life. Women began to question their subordination, and slaves to demand their freedom. Mass politics emerged as a force that governments could no longer ignore, as new nation states were founded and European empires expanded.